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Software Dictionary

Book 02

Web Development

The languages, protocols and rendering strategies behind applications that run in the browser.

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Contents

  1. 01AJAX1AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a technique for loading server data in the background with JavaScript and updating part of a page without a reload.
  2. 02Angular2Angular is a complete, TypeScript-based web framework from Google with components, routing, forms, an HTTP client and dependency injection built in.
  3. 03ARIA3ARIA is a W3C standard of HTML attributes, such as role and aria-label, that tell assistive technologies what a custom widget is and what state it is in.
  4. 04Astro4Astro is a web framework for content-driven sites that renders pages to HTML and ships no JavaScript by default, adding it only to interactive islands.
  5. 05Babel5Babel is a JavaScript compiler that rewrites modern JavaScript, JSX and TypeScript syntax into code that older browsers and runtimes can run.
  6. 06Bootstrap6Bootstrap is a free CSS framework with a responsive grid and ready-made components, such as buttons, navbars and modals, used by adding its classes to HTML.
  7. 07Bundler7A bundler is a build tool that combines JavaScript modules and their dependencies into a few optimized files that browsers can download and run quickly.
  8. 08CMS8A CMS (content management system) is software that lets people create, edit and publish website content through an editor instead of writing code.
  9. 09Code Splitting9Code splitting is a technique that breaks a web app's JavaScript into smaller chunks loaded on demand, so the first page load downloads only the code it needs.
  10. 10Cookie10A cookie is a small piece of data a website asks the browser to store and send back with later requests, often used to keep users logged in.
  11. 11Core Web Vitals11Core Web Vitals are three metrics that measure a page's real-user experience: loading speed (LCP), responsiveness (INP), and visual stability (CLS).
  12. 12CORS12CORS is a browser security mechanism that lets a server declare which other websites may read its responses when they make requests from JavaScript.
  13. 13CSR13CSR is a rendering approach where the browser downloads a mostly empty HTML page plus JavaScript, then builds the page content on the user's device.
  14. 14CSS14CSS is the style sheet language that controls how HTML content looks on screen, including colors, fonts, spacing, layout, and animations.
  15. 15CSS Grid15CSS Grid is a two-dimensional CSS layout system that arranges elements into rows and columns at the same time, making complex page layouts simple to build.
  16. 16Debounce16Debouncing delays a function until a burst of events has paused for a set time, so a search box sends one request after typing stops, not one per keystroke.
  17. 17DOM17The DOM is the browser's in-memory tree of objects representing a web page, which JavaScript can read and change to update what the user sees.
  18. 18Domain Name18A domain name is the human-readable address of a website, such as example.com, which the DNS system translates into the IP address of the server that hosts it.
  19. 19ES Modules19ES modules are JavaScript's built-in module system: each file keeps its own scope and shares code with other files through import and export.
  20. 20Flexbox20Flexbox is a CSS layout model that arranges items in a single row or column and controls how they grow, shrink, align, and share the available space.
  21. 21Frontend21The frontend is the part of an application that runs in front of the user, usually in the browser, drawing the interface and responding to clicks and typing.
  22. 22HTML22HTML is the markup language that defines the structure and content of web pages, such as headings, paragraphs, links, images, and forms.
  23. 23HTTP23HTTP is the protocol that browsers, apps, and servers use to exchange web pages and data through a simple cycle of requests and responses.
  24. 24HTTP Header24An HTTP header is a name-and-value line sent with an HTTP request or response, carrying details such as the content type, caching rules or credentials.
  25. 25HTTP Status Code25An HTTP status code is a three-digit number a server sends with every response to tell the client whether the request succeeded, failed, or needs more action.
  26. 26Hydration26Hydration is the step where JavaScript in the browser takes over server-rendered HTML, attaching event handlers and state so the page becomes interactive.
  27. 27iframe27An iframe is an HTML element that embeds another web page inside the current page, commonly used for videos, maps, payment forms and third-party widgets.
  28. 28IndexedDB28IndexedDB is a database built into web browsers that stores large amounts of structured data and files on the user's device, with indexes and transactions.
  29. 29JavaScript29JavaScript is the programming language that runs in web browsers to make pages interactive, and it also runs on servers through runtimes like Node.js.
  30. 30jQuery30jQuery is a JavaScript library that made selecting elements, handling events, animating and making AJAX requests easy with one short, cross-browser syntax.
  31. 31JSX31JSX is a JavaScript syntax extension for writing HTML-like markup inside code, used mainly with React to describe what the user interface should look like.
  32. 32Lazy Loading32Lazy loading is a technique that delays loading images, videos, scripts or other resources until they are actually needed, usually when they scroll into view.
  33. 33Local Storage33Local storage is a browser feature that lets a website save text as key-value pairs on the user's device, where it stays even after the browser is closed.
  34. 34Media Query34A media query is a CSS rule that applies styles only when the device or browser matches conditions such as screen width, orientation, or a dark color scheme.
  35. 35Minification35Minification is the process of shrinking code files by removing whitespace, comments and long names without changing behavior, so web pages download faster.
  36. 36MPA36An MPA is a website or web app where each link or form submission loads a new HTML page from the server, the classic way the web has worked since its start.
  37. 37Next.js37Next.js is a React framework that adds routing, server-side rendering, static generation and server code, so a whole web app can be built as one project.
  38. 38npm38npm is Node.js's default package manager and the world's largest software registry; it downloads a project's dependencies and tracks their versions.
  39. 39pnpm39pnpm is a fast, disk-efficient JavaScript package manager that keeps one copy of each package version in a shared store and links it into projects.
  40. 40Polyfill40A polyfill is code that adds a modern web feature to older browsers that lack it, so developers can use the standard API everywhere without special cases.
  41. 41Progressive Enhancement41Progressive enhancement is a web design strategy that starts with a basic page that works for everyone, then adds richer features where browsers support them.
  42. 42PWA42A PWA is a website built with modern web APIs so it can be installed on a device, work offline, and behave much like a native app from a single codebase.
  43. 43React43React is an open-source JavaScript library for building user interfaces from reusable components that update automatically when their data changes.
  44. 44React Hooks44React hooks are functions such as useState and useEffect that let a function component keep state, run side effects and share logic with others.
  45. 45React Server Components45React Server Components are React components that run only on the server or at build time, so they can read data directly and send no JavaScript to the browser.
  46. 46Responsive Design46Responsive design is an approach to building web pages whose layout, images, and text adapt automatically to any screen size, from phones to large monitors.
  47. 47SEO47SEO is the practice of improving a website's content and technical setup so that search engines can find, understand, and rank its pages for relevant searches.
  48. 48Service Worker48A service worker is a script the browser runs in the background, apart from the page, to intercept network requests and enable offline use and push messages.
  49. 49Session Storage49Session storage is a browser feature that saves text as key-value pairs for one tab only; the data survives reloads but is deleted when the tab is closed.
  50. 50Shadow DOM50The shadow DOM is a browser feature that attaches a hidden, separate DOM tree to an element, so its markup and styles stay isolated from the rest of the page.
  51. 51SPA51An SPA is a web application that loads a single HTML page and then updates content with JavaScript, so moving between views does not reload the page.
  52. 52SSG52SSG is a technique that renders a website's pages to plain HTML files at build time, so servers or CDNs can deliver them instantly without extra work.
  53. 53SSR53SSR is a technique where the server builds the full HTML for a page on each request, so users and search engines receive ready-to-read content immediately.
  54. 54State Management54State management is how an application stores, updates and shares the data that changes while it runs, and keeps the interface in sync with it.
  55. 55Svelte55Svelte is a front-end framework that compiles components into small, efficient JavaScript at build time instead of running a large framework in the browser.
  56. 56Tailwind CSS56Tailwind CSS is a utility-first CSS framework: instead of custom stylesheets, you style elements with small, single-purpose classes right in your HTML.
  57. 57Throttling57Throttling makes a function run at most once per interval, however often it is called, so scroll and resize handlers update steadily without running every time.
  58. 58Transpiler58A transpiler is a tool that translates source code from one language or language version into another at a similar level, such as TypeScript into JavaScript.
  59. 59Tree Shaking59Tree shaking is a build optimization that removes code a program never uses from the final bundle, based on which ES module exports are actually imported.
  60. 60TypeScript60TypeScript is a programming language built on JavaScript that adds static types, catching many bugs before the code runs, and compiles to plain JavaScript.
  61. 61UI Component61A UI component is a self-contained, reusable piece of an interface, such as a button, a form or a card, that bundles its markup, style and behavior.
  62. 62URL62A URL is the address of a resource on the web, made of parts such as a scheme, a host, a path and a query string that tell a browser where and how to fetch it.
  63. 63Virtual DOM63The virtual DOM is a lightweight copy of a page's element tree kept in JavaScript memory, which UI libraries compare to update the real DOM efficiently.
  64. 64Vite64Vite is a fast build tool for web projects: it serves code to the browser almost instantly in development and bundles it into optimized files for production.
  65. 65Vue65Vue is an open-source JavaScript framework for building user interfaces from components, known for its gentle learning curve and reactive data.
  66. 66Web Accessibility66Web accessibility is the practice of building websites that everyone can use, including people who rely on screen readers, keyboards, captions, or zoom.
  67. 67Web Browser67A web browser is an application that fetches web pages from servers and turns their HTML, CSS, and JavaScript into the interactive pages you see on screen.
  68. 68Web Worker68A web worker is a browser feature that runs JavaScript on a background thread, so heavy computations don't freeze the page's user interface while they run.
  69. 69WebAssembly69WebAssembly is a compact binary code format that runs in web browsers at near-native speed, letting languages like C++, Rust, and Go power fast web code.
  70. 70Webpack70Webpack is a module bundler that follows an app's imports and combines its JavaScript, CSS, images and other files into optimized bundles for the browser.
  71. 71WebSocket71WebSocket is a protocol that keeps a single connection open between a browser and a server so both sides can send each other messages instantly at any time.
  72. 72Yarn72Yarn is a JavaScript package manager, an alternative to npm, that installs dependencies from the npm registry and adds a lockfile, workspaces and Plug'n'Play.

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